انجمن هیدرولیک ایران نشریه علمی هیدرولیک 2345-4237 19 3 2024 09 22 Hydraulic Model Calibration of a Laboratory Water Distribution Network Using Hydraulic and Water Quality Measurements واسنجی مدل هیدرولیکی با استفاده از اندازه‌گیری‌های کمی و کیفی شبکه توزیع آب آزمایشگاهی 113 125 190120 10.30482/jhyd.2024.419223.1679 FA محمد شاه‌سوندی گروه مهندسی منابع آب، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0009-0009-8852-9665 جعفر یزدی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی 0000-0002-0867-9658 محمدرضا جلیلی قاضی زاده دانشگاه شهید بهشتی- پردیس شهید عباسپور 0000-0002-8242-7619 عبداله رشیدی مهرآبادی دانشیار گروه آب و فاضلاب، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-6644-8831 Journal Article 2023 10 05 In the realm of hydraulic modeling for water distribution networks, the calibration process plays a pivotal role. Calibration involves precise adjustments to align a model with observed data. However, when the measured data is scarce, the calibration process becomes challenging. In such cases, laboratory models prove valuable for simulating real-world conditions. Variability in parameters like pipe dimensions, length, roughness coefficients, and nodal demand as well as nodal elevations often leads to disparities between computer-based model outcomes and reality. Despite extensive research on computer-based models, laboratory water distribution network models and their calibration have received relatively limited attention due to the challenges and costs associated with them. In this study, a laboratory model of a water distribution network was constructed and subjected to hydraulic calibration. Roughness coefficients and minor head losses within the network were determined using a meta-heuristic method. Then, pipe roughness coefficients for polyethylene pipes were assessed and compared with values from scientific references. In the following, hydraulic validation of the network was conducted using the water quality simulation of a conservative substance. This approach illustrates the level of concurrence of flow ratios in the network pipes between the model and reality.<br />The laboratory network was made of PE40 and consists of a square looped system with 1-meter pipe lengths, employing a 1000-liter tank to maintain a constant water head. This research was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, network calibration was performed using piezometric pressure and output flow data. Roughness coefficient and pipe minor head loss coefficients were selected as decision variables. The objective function was defined to minimize the total weighted difference in piezometric head and discharge between the model and reality. In the second stage, validation was performed based on pressure and output flow data. In the third stage, the network's hydraulic validation with respect to pipe flow rates was performed through the modeling of a conservative substance. This is because the dissolution of a conservative substance occurs solely due to mixing at nodes and flow division, allowing it to represent the correspondence of flow ratios in network pipes between the model and reality. In this research, pressure data was recorded using piezometers, and salt concentration was calculated using TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) sensor. <br />After performing the optimization, a value of 0.008 was obtained for the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient (ɛ), This value aligns well with the assumption of new pipes in the network, in agreement with previous research (e.g., 0.050 by The Plastics Pipe Institute, 2008, and 0.070 by Padilla et al., 2013). Also, values of 1.20 and 0.89 were obtained for the minor loss coefficients of 0.5 and 1-meter pipes, respectively. Furthermore, the optimized minor loss values effectively reflect differences attributed to the number of connections in the 0.5 and 1-meter pipes, falling within recommended scientific ranges. Notably, unlike previous field studies, this research uniquely focuses on a laboratory model.<br />After hydraulic calibration and validation using pressure and output flow data, further validation was conducted using the water quality model. The saltwater solution was injected at a specific point in the network, and the TDS quality parameter was measured at the two points in the network. Subsequently, utilizing the TDS values and the established relationship between TDS and salt concentration calculated in the laboratory, the salt concentration at the location of two sensors was determined. It's worth mentioning that the network's water supply contained dissolved solids. Subsequently, initial and injection concentrations were applied to the model and, the simulation was performed. A comparison of salt concentration results at two sensor locations revealed an 8.5% error in the first experiment and 2.5% in the second, confirming excellent agreement between the laboratory and computer-based network hydraulic model. واسنجی مدل‌های شبکه توزیع آب برای پیش‌بینی رفتار آنها در شرایط مختلف هیدرولیکی و کیفی ضروری است. در مقاله حاضر شرح نتایج واسنجی و صحت‎‌سنجی هیدرولیکی مدل کامپیوتری یک شبکه آزمایشگاهی ارائه شده است. واسنجی مدل با استفاده از داده‎‌های فشار و دبی انجام شده است. برای صحت‌سنجی مدل نیز از داده‎‌های هیدرولیکی و کیفی شبکه استفاده شده است. استفاده از اندازه‎‌گیری‎‌های کیفیت آب برای صحت‎‌سنجی هیدرولیکی شبکه، نوآوری پژوهش به حساب می‎‌آید. این پژوهش در سه مرحله دنبال شده است. در مرحله نخست، واسنجی شبکه به کمک داده‎‌های فشار پیزومتریک و دبی خروجی شبکه انجام شده است. متغیر تصمیم در فرآیند بهینه‎‌سازی، ضریب زبری و ضرایب افت موضعی لوله‎‌ها انتخاب شده است. در مرحله دوم، صحت‎‌سنجی شبکه بر اساس داده‌‎های فشار و دبی خروجی شبکه انجام شده است. در مرحله سوم، صحت‎‌سنجی هیدرولیکی شبکه از نظر دبی در لوله‎‌ها با مدلسازی کیفی یک ماده واکنش‌‎ناپذیر (Conservative) صورت گرفته است. نتایج واسنجی مقادیر 0.008 را برای ضریب زبری دارسی ویسباخ لوله‌‎ها و مقادیر 1.2 و 0.89 را برای ضرایب افت موضعی در لوله‎‌های با طول 0.5 و 1 متر نشان می‎‌دهد. نتایج واسنجی مدل بیانگر آن است که بیشینه خطای مدل در واسنجی برابر با 3% است. همچنین بیشینه‌‎ی خطا در صحت‎‌سنجی با استفاده از داده‎‌های فشار برابر با 0.2% و بر اساس دبی خروجی برابر با 5.9% است. نتایج صحت‎سنجی بر اساس مدلسازی کیفی نیز متوسط خطای 5.5 % را نشان می‎‌دهد. اختلاف کم نتایج مدل آزمایشگاهی و مدل شبیه‎‌سازی نشان‎‌دهنده آن است که مدل هیدرولیکی واسنجی شده است. https://jhyd.iha.ir/article_190120_5115be2c4da9688fa68efbe46242ef36.pdf